CANCOs occasionally attended 18C training before the opportunity was closed to CA (CA Rule #2: Moreover, the most common broadening opportunities are limited within the branch, hurting recruiting and retention (2017 survey comments 26,27). Another major program was when Federal Judges from the U.S, who were also members of the Army Reserve, were dispatched to overhaul the Haitian judicial system.[9]. A. The post-war period was the first planned use of Civil Affairs by the modern United States Army, and the greatest use of CA assets to date.[4]. I joined the Army when I finished high school and am nearing my fifth year of enlistment. The first real problem was a legal one, namely how the project could be funded. Special Warfare Magazine, p. 35, Department of the Army. This is typically expressed in a brief by an SF officer to the other SF officers and SF NCOs sitting around the table. Operation Husky was the projected invasion of Sicily that would be the first United States occupation of enemy territory and would set the pattern for subsequent operations. This focus on governance is natural. 1-4). Air Force Captain Ron Keys distinctly captures the identity problems within CA in his famous Dear Boss letter. The CAD was responsible for 80 million European civilians; yet no documented case of overt opposition has ever come to light. CAA Members, do we have your most up to date contact info. He wrote further, "Military government, the administration by military officers of civil government in occupied enemy territory, is a virtually inevitable concomitant of modern warfare. The argument is meant to distinguish AD Civil Affairs Soldiers in the eyes of the military. This operational accountability requires battalions to be more involved in operations. The Civil Affairs tab will give the Special Operations CA Soldiers their proper recognition, amplify their work with their counterparts, and foster crucial esprit de corps. The branchs organizational dysfunction feeds an identity crisis. Scott enjoyed great success in keeping civilian problems from interfering with military operations by issuing General Order No. These unique skills [emphasis added] allow them to better establish and maintain relationships and communication channels with various civil entities, facilitate coordination and integration, facilitate information flow, synchronize efforts, and promote mission legitimacy (Department of the Army, 2019). CA troops were with the first Coalition forces to enter Kuwait City. Many 2017 and 2020 respondents address failures in individual leadership. The invasion of Canada in 1775 was an early example, The American invaders won considerable support from the locals, but failed to capture Quebec City and were forced to retreat in disarray. All rights reserved. 2. (2018, October-December). ASCOPE (Areas, Structures, Capabilities, Organization, People, Events); PMESII (Political, Military, Economic, Social, Information, Infrastructure). These, Simply stating that these skills are unique does not make them so. While the Special Forces (SF) Soldier is awarded the coveted Green Beret and tab indicating their status as a member of the illustrious SF Regiment and the SOF community at large, the CA Soldier is indistinguishable from non-SOF Soldiers in 1st Special Forces Command (1st SFC). Questions, with one exception, exactly mirrored the 2017 survey. This creates a self-destructive cycle. The 2017 survey did not prompt the necessary changes to the branch. Civil Affairs Papers, 5, pp. (2019, April). No history of any use of a controlled substance without a valid prescription following the Soldier's date of initial entry into military service. SOAR is also called the 160th Special Operations Aviation Unit or Night Stalkers. WebThe Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command is manned, trained, and equipped to provide operational forces with critical capabilities found nowhere else in the Unfortunately, proposed solutions often focus on branding, Air Force Captain Ron Keys distinctly captures the identity problems within CA in his famous . Non-Standard Vehicle Training The following documents are required to be returned to your recruiter. Civil Affairs (CA) Soldiers operate in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments utilizing specialized tactics, techniques, and procedures. Civil Affairs operators are versatile, innovative, and highly trained Soldiers who operate in small, autonomous teams among local populations, even in hostile or denied The 2020 survey puts into perspective how little progress the Active-Duty CA component has made in the three years since the 2017 survey (2020 comments 13,15,16,19,21,22,23,24,26). Soon after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, a Kuwaiti Task Force was established in Washington DC. (2021, February 21). Teams also need to be held accountable for their success or failure while deployed. They deserve a symbol to recognize their accomplishments, communicate their expertise, and most importantly, foster esprit de corps. Provide CA officers operational leadership opportunities. Eventually, however, someone is stuck holding the bag. Thirty thousand tons of civilian supplies were needed every month, but the Lend-Lease Administration was hard put to get them together in time to meet the convoys leaving for North Africa. The implication: half of the Active Duty CA Officers reading this have almost no chance at commanding the 95th Civil Affairs Brigade for no other reason than the year they graduated college. Seabee Teams were the boots on the ground to accomplishing these projects. Within the US Army, a Theater Special Operations Command (TSOC) commander will be able to scan a room and immediately ascertain the expert in the civil domain sitting on his or her staff. Only 20% of respondents in 2017 and 2020 agreed or strongly agreed that CA focuses on essential tasks. Instead, many Active-Duty CA Captains note that CA focuses on self-justification in place of specific strategic objectives (2017 comments 1,2,3,4,5,22). A tab will identify CA Soldiers as competent and qualified to foreign counterparts and civilian partners. AC and RC CA units and individual soldiers truly come into their own. Another RC CA NCO from the New England Gas Authority replaced the afro-engineered Sarajevo gas system to get it up and running. For ease of reference, I selected a representative list of comments in Appendix 2, but the entire survey deserves consideration. Master trainer of a four-person Civil Affairs Team, responsible for force protection and ensuring the team is proficient in individual and collective critical tasks. Early the next year, at the urging of G-3 (operations and training) and G-1 and with the War College materials and The Hunt Report to work from, Gullion's office began writing a manual. A unifying signal of pride and tradition that will cultivate camaraderie. *duration: 10 weeks, - Finial testing and validation of CA tasks The result: we ensure our CA Soldiers have access to the same performance optimizing tools that college and professional athletes utilize for both body and mind. The professional Soldiers who make up the branch deserve more. Reach out and we'll help you get there. USACAPOC units are deployed to support conventional forces while AD is a SOF asset, deployed to a broad range of environments both conventional and unconventional. The SF Qualification Course (SFQC) is not the same for different members of the ODA; why is the CAQC generally the same for all? Symbols are powerful because they instill pride, evoke camaraderie, and spur individuals to strive harder in their pursuits. Furthermore, contrary to CAs attempt to lay claim to the task of Civil Engagement, every ARSOF branch can and regularly does conduct civil engagements. Or perhaps you would like to take an S9 job? What makes SOF CA unique? Webiii SUMMARY OF CHANGES REVISION OF JOINT PUBLICATION 3-57, DATED 08 JULY 2008 Adds new chapter on civil affairs forces and civil affairs operations. Be part of an elite group of individuals trained to lead and succeed in defending and protecting the country. For commissioned officers, their pipeline, including their Captains Career Course, is four weeks of classroom training. While deployed, your boss will frequently expect you to justify to your supported command or US Embassy supervisors why you are necessary to the mission in the deployed country as if it was your idea to be there. If youre an active-duty or Army Reserve non-commissioned Officer or Officer, you begin at Phase Four. This tab will acknowledge the bearers excellence and dedication in completing the SOF CAQC, distinguishing an individual from those who have not completed the necessary rigors, and identify them as professionals in the realm of the civil domain. From https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN33094-FM_3-57-000-WEB-1.pdf, Hughes, M. W. (2021, February 19). $5.00 + $4.00 shipping. Adds new appendix on civil information management. From https://fb9cc97d-daff-4fca-bc96-2d807a0888c6.filesusr.com/ugd/efc179_bd8efec1f1184f6c8f7e6fff3ebf0aa0.pdf, Simons, A. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. It is a useful model to consider for other counterinsurgency operations.[7]. Unfortunately, a North Vietnamese conventional assault succeeded in 1975 after the withdrawal of U.S. forces, ending of U.S. air support, and curtailment of U.S. funding to South Vietnam. (2018, October 12). Bryant, C., McKneely, H., & Peterson, M. (2019, October 5). Eventually, supported operational commanders, US SOF partners, or US Embassies learn an unfortunate SOF (CA) truth, This is not a new problem. SSG Vaughan has deployed to Lebanon as a member of the Civil-Military Support Element. WebFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for US MILITARY AIRBORNE SPECIAL OPERATIONS WEATHER PATCH Vintage German Made at the best online prices On arrival in the theater the supplies had to be unloaded and moved by the Army, since the North African Economic Board did not have the staff even to supervise the work; and both the military and the civilian agencies agreed that on the drive into Tunisia the Army would have to assume complete responsibility for civilian relief. Prior to Civil Affairs, he was a Platoon Leader, Executive Officer, and the OIC of the Jungle Operations Training Center (JOTC) in the 25th Infantry Division. In late September 1994, U.S. forces started final preparation for an armed invasion of Haiti. The Marine Corps was called upon to protect American interests by military intervention in the Dominican Republic (19161924), Haiti (19151934), and Nicaragua (19261934). Civil Affairs (CA) is a non-accession operations functional category branch. The mission of CA forces is to mitigate or defeat threats to civil society and conduct responsibilities normally performedby civil governments across the range of military operations by engaging and influencing the civil populace andauthorities through the planning and Three CA companies carried the burden of pacification, working with the State Department. Adam Brown: A SEALs Life of Courage and Redemption, Complete List: Ticonderoga-class Missile Cruisers To Retire By 2027, Nuclear Close Calls That Nearly Caused World War III, Russian Sausage Millionaire and Putin Critic Falls to His Death in India, Deadly Russian Rifle Brigade Wiped Out During War in Ukraine, Your Subscription Supports our Veteran Staff. On 10 April, the Joint Chiefs of Staff confirmed the Civil Affairs Division as "the logical staff to handle civil affairs in nearly all occupied territory."[4]. As referenced earlier, training to a specified skill set is nearly impossible under a doctrine that attempts to merge three disparate equities: SOF, Conventional Forces, and Reserve Forces (2017 survey comments 14,15). Perhaps this lack of credibility prompted (then) Lieutenant Colonel Arnel David and Eliza Urwin to ask the following: The Regiment claims that CA has long been a major national strategic capability. The question arises: does anyone outside the CA Regiment believe this to be true? (David & Urwin, 2018). Any Soldier who earns the right to be a member of Special Operations CA has gone through a vigorous vetting process:hand-chosen after a 10-day selection, shaped and molded through the SOF CAQC, qualified through an intense six-month language course, and proven themselves at Operation Sluss-Tiller, the three-week culmination exercise. Perhaps the current training is much better than what senior leaders received. Civil Affairs Medical Sergeant conducts medical mission planning, administrative medical duties, and provides technical expertise in evaluating medical systems, basic Veterinary support either through civil networks or medical infrastructure assessment. Likewise, our methods are not particularly unique. From Small Wars Journal: https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/cynicism-brief-look-troubling-topic, Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. The primary mission of Civil Affairs is to conduct civil affairs operations. Civil Affairs soldiers are responsible for executing five core Civil Affairs tasks, Civil Information Management, Foreign Humanitarian Assistance, Foreign Assistance, Population and Resource Control, and Support to Civil Administration. This backup mentality is telling. It is past due that the CA branch provides these capabilities. Want to work at selection? Performs primary medical care for a four-person Civil Affairs team ranging from point of injury care, trauma care in an austere environment, and performs prolonged field care as required. [4]. Their purpose was "to train officers in postwar reconstruction and other missions incident to military operations in foreign countries." WebFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for US MILITARY AIRBORNE SPECIAL OPERATIONS WEATHER PATCH Vintage German Made at the best online prices at eBay! Each Soldier will be forced to uphold the level of excellence and professionalism expected of members of the SOF community. But the tendency of the War College in the 1920s was to look at civil affairs and military government entirely as they related to military law, the assumption being that they were not much more than the functions of observing and enforcing law. In these countries, an outdated CA qualification course (CAQC), proficiency using Google, and a high school civics class are not enough to provide expertise equivalent to a developed partners needs or meet a US Embassys expectations of SOF CA. Requirements vary within each of the five units, but can include things like qualifying for a security clearance or having an ASVAB placement test score above 100. Kissinger viewed American CMO efforts in Korea with a critical eye, judging it a qualified success. Persuasive and diplomatic negotiators, they work on the ground to ensure the U.S. interests are on the table and have a strong position when bargaining with foreign governments. The high achievements the tab symbolizes will help build the mythos of the branch. A., & Lynn, J. In 2019, CA doctrine stated that CA Soldiers are trained, educated and organized to support or execute the functions of a civil administration during transitional military authority or SCA [support to civil administration] (Headquarters, Department of the Army, 2019, pp. Editors note: This article was written by Staff Seargent Lucas Vaughan, a Civil Affairs NCO in the 96th Civil Affairs Battalion, and originally published on the Eunomia Journal. For many militaries, Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) duties are nothing more than a temporary assignment. The current force is aware and feels trapped. On the other hand, the War Department realized that it had taken too narrow a view and expanded its policy on planning for future operations to include preparations for food, health, housing, and security of civilian populations. The resultant effects are felt most distinctly by the tactical stakeholders in CA: Captain Team Leaders and their teams. As an illustration of Rule #2, Major Assad Raza and Sergeant First Class JCerritt Lynn apply Allisons Power Model to the branch to demonstrate that the varying players within the regiment result in individual units fighting for survival. USACAPOC Civil Affairs & Psychological Operations Command Airborne patch m/e. Operating in developed countries accentuates this lack of training. SOF candidates failing to assess into the SFQC are permitted to transfer to Civil Affairs, thereby furthering identity crisis (2017 survey comment 24). It proposed in the initial period to handle all aspects of civil affairs as part of the military operation and to include civilian supplies with the military stores. Language training is also not given the focus it deserves, even though it provides an opportunity for a specialized capability (true language proficiency beyond a 1+) within SOF. Casserleigh, P. (2019). This is defined as being within the scope of what a squad of soldiers working a day could accomplish at no more than $1000 in cost. Operation Provide Comfort was the largest humanitarian relief operation since the Berlin Airlift of 1948 CA troops worked successfully with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Allied forces and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to help Kurdish refugees escape the wrath of Saddam and provided for their welfare in newly established camps. *duration: 10 days, - Fundamentals of Civil Affairs Operations While insurgency or epidemics would indicate the failure of civil affairs policies, their absence does not indicate more than a minimum effectiveness.[5]. The CA Officer Corps is not alone. Janzi-Schichter, J. From Small Wars Journal: https://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/dear-boss-i-dont-just-quit-i-give-up, Krohley, D. N. (2020, February 8). Want to move to the 83d? "The American army of occupation lacked both training and organization to guide the destinies of the nearly one million civilians whom the fortunes of war had placed under its temporary sovereignty", stated Col. Irwin L. Hunt, Officer in Charge of Civil Affairs, Third Army, in his report on U.S. military government in Germany after World War I. WebThis article highlights Special Operations Civil Affairs (SOF CA) unique ability to support the U.S. Militarys governance mission in Northwest Africa and to claim the potential for a Civil Affairs-commanded Task Force and Company Headquarters in the region. Additional missions accomplished during Operation LIGHT SWITCH included keeping the local telephone company's generators up and running. Webrelationship between civil and military authorities, coordinate with unified action partners and indigenous populations, and apply specialized skills that normally are the responsibility of civil government to enhance the conduct of civilmilitary operations, also called Civil Affairs Operations (CAOs) (JCS 2008; JCS 2015). I imagine when a radio operator joins the signal branch, they first learn what the different radios are and then learn how to operate them. Many 2017 and 2020 respondents address failures in individual leadership. I hope the CA branch does not choose to accept the status quo. CORDS was a joint command, with all service branches represented on its military side. SOF CA Teams in different parts of the world also have vastly different experiences and need different skills. Peter Dierkes served as an Operations Officer in the 92nd Civil Affairs Battalion with SOF deployments as the Special Operations Forces Liaison Element (SOFLE) to Latvia, as the Civil-Military Support Element (CMSE) Team Leader to Ukraine, and as a CA Planner to Task Force 10. USACAPOC (US Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command). General Abrams and his civilian deputy were clear in their focus on pacification as the priority and ensured that military and civilian agencies worked closely together. According to the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center & School located at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, at worst, the CMO performance was highhanded and overbearing, while at best, the Army and Marine Corps restored more stable economic and political situations in those areas. NCOs who choose to reclassify into the RC CA, will attend a 4-week course to qualify for their new MOS. Furthermore, contrary to CAs attempt to lay claim to the task of Civil Engagement, every ARSOF branch can and regularly does conduct civil engagements. Since there were no fixed battle lines, CA personnel had to stay in some places indefinitely. Operation LIGHT SWITCH continued until late January 1995. Without doctrine assigning unique and specified tasks, it is unsurprising that CA training is unfocused and lacks substance, Unfortunately, the truth is closer to what Active-Duty Major Jennifer Jantzi-Schlichter. They deployed for Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom from 2001 to the present and domestically they help support disaster relief as a result of Hurricane Katrina and flooding in Louisiana. Nicknamed "Blowtorch Bob" for his aggressive style, Komer was modestly successful in leading improvements in pacification before the 1968 Tet offensive. The articles popularity indicates a misplaced focus on appearance over substance and a misreading of how causation worksunique CA uniform trappings (if even necessary) must be founded in a unique and realized skill set. In an excellent article regarding cynicism in SOF, Naval Postgraduate School Professor Anna Simons stated, Unfortunately, the problem this [cynicism] creates for the military, and for SOF in particular, is that once officers begin to believe that there is little that they as individuals can do except accept the status quo, their acceptance of this doesnt just erode but inverts traditional notions of service (Simons, 2021). SOF Advanced Negotiations Course SOF CA and USACAPOC CA elements both provide importantbut differentcapabilities. A distinguishing mark that will set them apart from their fellow Soldiers. Moreover, CA suffers from organizational attention deficit disorder exacerbated by the latest leadership guidance often supplanting doctrine (2017 comments 4,8,9,10,13; 2020 comments 2,5,10,11,43). [1] As this survey was a personal rather than a sponsored research project, I did not expect to achieve the same respondent size as the 2017 survey. Regardless: this identity crisis is a significant obstacle to consistently conveying value to leadership or partners. They adopted unique headgear and symbology, and in turn, they rose to the occasion and refined their branch. The effectiveness of CORDS was a function of integrated civilian and military teams at every level of society in Vietnam. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. He identifies various forces, including the National Guard, who routinely carry out civil-military activities while lacking organic CA forces (Saiduddin, 2018). The result is a force lacking legitimacy and facing an existential crisis. THANK YOU FOR SUPPORTING VETERAN JOURNALISM - JOIN SOFREP+ , PO Box 1077 MURFREESBORO, Tennessee 37133 United States, P.O. Partners are eager to meet the SOF branch able to assist them in advising governance, conducting assessments, or identifying and helping mitigate civil vulnerabilities. The tactical practitioners do not feel the branch gives them the tools and training required to execute their tasks, and what they do have lacks relevance or uniqueness within SOF (2017 survey comments 16,17,18,19,20,21,23,25). As a consequence, CA is obsessed with re-invention in search of a purpose. In the Vietnam War, CA was more publicized than ever before with its phrase winning the hearts and minds of the people. CA's greatest success was in working with U.S. Special Forces in South Vietnam's central highlands and securing large areas of difficult terrain by winning the confidence of local tribes. There is a recurring narrative within senior CA leadership that incoming branch members are better trained than them (2017 survey comment 4). Whenever the anti-Axis forces challenged the Germans on land, they would almost certainly have to deal with civilian populations from the outset. From district to province to national level, U.S. advisors and U.S. interagency partners worked closely with their Vietnamese counterparts. (2021, August). From https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN16448_ FM%203-57%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf, Headquarters, Department of the Army. Pacification was the process by which the government asserted its influence and control in an area beset by insurgents. The concept for a civil affairs brigade had been under consideration for years, but was finally approved as a result of the 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review. From Civil Affairs General Concepts: https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN16411 _GTA%2041-01-001_FINAL.pdf, Headquarters, Department of the Army. This makes sense for a branch focused on engagement. Col. Scot Storey,U.S. Introduces the methodology and organization of civil-military teams. Updates roles and responsibilities of Depa rtment of Defense and its organizations Consider the branchs description of the skills within the force: The 2019 version of FM 3-57, Civil Affairs Operationsthe doctrine most relevant to the time of surveys administrationstated that CA forces are trained in language, negotiations, and mediation techniques, as well as the ability to identify cultural nuances, divergent worldviews, biases, prejudices, and stereotypes (Department of the Army, 2019). The proud graduates of the Active Duty Special Operations Civil Affairs Qualification Course, referred to in this paper as the SOF CAQC, need such a symbol. In World War I, military government had not been needed until after the armistice, because the war had been fought mainly in France, and the French authorities had handled civil affairs for all the armies. 16-17. [2] The American Expeditionary Force Siberia occupation of Vladivostok from 1918 to 1920 was similarly unsuccessful in stabilizing an anti-Bolshevik government on the Pacific coast. SOF CA requires specific skills and training supported by doctrine to provide value to the force. Prioritize training. All Army SOF branches are, at their core, supposed to be culturally aware forces. Special Operations Soldiers complete more training and special courses, which means they receive promotions and climb in rank and pay faster than regular Soldiers. [3] Between World War I and World War II, the U.S. Army was involved in a surprising number of civic action projects such as the Civilian Conservation Corps. USARSOC identified and mobilized individual volunteer Reserve Soldiers for duty in Panama and the succeeding CA operation there known as Promote Liberty. No more Soldiers being the grey man nor safety in anonymity. Mitigate personality-based priority shifts. That is quite the check the branch expects you to write. Minimum objectives were obtained: Epidemics were prevented; no significant unrest on the part of the civilian population occurred. Skills can be taught, and equipment bought. By 1942 Nazi Germany controlled most of Europe and was driving deep into the Soviet Union and across North Africa toward Egypt. Stephen D. Brown, "PSYOP in Operation 'Uphold Democracy'". Significant allocations of personnel helped make CORDS effective. Civil Affairs Soldiers and families have access to our Holistic Health and Fitness (H2F), Building Strong & Ready Teams (BSRT) formerly known as Strong Bonds, Soldier and Family Readiness, and General Family Welfare Programs. The CA branch has asked its people to kite checks for far too long. World War II was clearly going to be different; governments had disappeared, gone into exile, or become collaborating puppets. Engineering Peace: Translating Tactical Success into Political Order. This needs to be a Battalion effort. It included local security efforts, programs to distribute food and medical supplies, and lasting reforms (like land redistribution). World War I saw few, if any, civil affairs activities; however, during post-Armistice weeks, the U.S. Army administered the government of an overseas enemy population in the German Rhineland and in Luxembourg where no stable government existed after Germany's defeat and exit of the region. Instead of monetary promises, we bank on a marketed skill set that we do not possess. Issues of training, mission, and purpose raised in the 2017 Civil Affairs Captains survey are still prevalent and are costing the Army talent. The most far reaching Civil Affairs project to take shape was Operation LIGHT SWITCH, a campaign to restore limited electrical power to major urban areas outside of Port-au-Prince and Cap Haitian. Eventually, however, someone is stuck holding the bag. The recognition brought by a Civil Affairs tab will not rectify this issue alone. A former CA NCO, Mike Dawdy, asserted a lack of formally acquired skills within CA inhibits credibility with non-governmental stakeholders (Dawdy, 2018). World-class training facilities and coaches, Pass a Physical Fitness Assessment (PFA) and height/weight standards. Hopefully, this article helps prioritize this important doctrinal development. I understand this paper is reminiscent of Jerry Maguire saying the things people only think. Provide SOF CA proportional representation on Theater Special Operations Command (TSOC) staff. Otherwise, being Special Operations CA would not require such an investment of time and resources. Civil Affairs: Transforming Training. A lack of SOF CA doctrine leaves a void of specified responsibility. , however, someone is stuck holding the bag tab symbolizes will help build the mythos of the when... To provide value to the other SF officers and SF NCOs sitting around the table February 8 ) a by. The process by which the government asserted its influence and control in an area beset by insurgents would almost have. Within CA in his famous Dear Boss letter food and medical supplies, and importantly. Night Stalkers are, at their core, supposed to be true this lack of training.. Operations Aviation Unit or Night Stalkers, someone is stuck holding the bag:. Captains note that CA focuses on self-justification in place of specific strategic objectives ( 2017 comments )! To stay in some places indefinitely of SOF CA requires specific skills and supported! Enjoyed great success in keeping civilian problems from interfering with military operations issuing! 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